Which of the following is included in the categories covered by the California Coastal Act?

The California Coastal Act is a comprehensive piece of legislation aimed at protecting and managing California's coastal resources, ensuring sustainable development while preserving the natural beauty and ecological health of coastal areas. Offshore oil and gas development is a significant concern within the context of coastal management due to its potential environmental impacts on marine ecosystems, coastal habitats, and water quality.

The act includes strict regulations regarding such development to minimize harm to coastal resources, protect public access, and ensure that any industrial activities do not adversely affect the coastal environment. Given the act's focus on the preservation and sustainable management of coastal and marine environments, offshore oil and gas development is a pertinent category that falls under its jurisdiction, emphasizing regulatory oversight and protective measures.

The other options, while related to environmental and resource management, are not directly encompassed by the California Coastal Act, which specifically targets preserving coastal resources and regulating activities that could impact the coastal zone.